In this article “Transport in Turkey”, I discussed briefly about public transport in Turkey. Turkey offers a diverse and efficient network connecting this fascinating transcontinental country. From Istanbul’s comprehensive metro system to the nationwide high-speed train lines linking major cities, travelers enjoy numerous options for exploring Turkey’s rich cultural landscapes. The country’s extensive intercity bus system provides affordable transport in Turkey, complemented by dolmuş (shared minibuses) for economical local travel. Domestic flights serve major destinations, while ferries connect coastal cities and islands. Whether navigating ancient streets or traveling between regions, transport in Turkey combines modern efficiency with traditional charm, making exploration accessible for visitors and residents alike.
The Turkish State Railways (TCDD) operates an expanding railway network including high-speed YHT trains connecting major cities like Istanbul, Ankara, Konya, and Eskişehir. These trains offer comfortable, efficient service with speeds up to 250 km/h. The conventional train network reaches many other cities and regions, though at slower speeds. For schedules, tickets, and information,
visit the official website: https://www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr
Turkey’s extensive intercity bus network serves as the backbone of public transportation, reaching virtually every town and city. Modern coaches typically feature air conditioning, entertainment systems, and refreshment service. Major companies include Metro Turizm, Kamil Koç (now part of FlixBus), and Pamukkale. Most companies maintain their own websites, but for a comparison platform,
you can visit: https://www.obilet.com
Within cities, public transportation varies by location. Istanbul features an integrated network of metros, trams, funiculars, ferries, and buses, all accessible via the Istanbulkart payment system.
For Istanbul’s public transportation, visit: https://www.iett.istanbul
Ankara’s metro system and bus network are managed by EGO. Their official website is: https://www.ego.gov.tr
For domestic flights, Turkish Airlines serves as the national carrier with an extensive network covering all major cities. Their official website is: https://www.turkishairlines.com. Other significant carriers include Pegasus Airlines (https://www.flypgs.com) and SunExpress (https://www.sunexpress.com).
Ferries and sea buses provide essential connections along Turkey’s extensive coastline and between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul. The main Istanbul ferry operator is Şehir Hatları: https://www.sehirhatlari.istanbul. For intercity ferry services, IDO operates routes in the Marmara region: https://www.ido.com.tr
Taxis are readily available in all cities, with metered fares and generally affordable rates. In recent years, Istanbul has introduced turquoise-colored iTaksi, which can be booked via an app: https://www.itaksi.com
The unique dolmuş system offers shared transportation along fixed routes in most towns and cities. These minibuses or vans depart when full and allow passengers to hop on or off along their route, providing an affordable alternative to taxis.
The Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure oversees all transportation systems in Turkey. Their official website provides policy information and updates on major infrastructure projects: https://www.uab.gov.tr
Major Transportation Hubs in Turkey
Turkey’s strategic location bridging Europe and Asia has led to the development of comprehensive transportation networks with significant hubs throughout the country. Let’s explore the major airports, train stations, bus stations, and other transportation centers that form the backbone of Turkey’s connectivity infrastructure.
Airports
Major Airports
Istanbul Airport (IST)
Istanbul Airport serves as Turkey’s primary international gateway and one of the world’s largest airports. Located on the European side of Istanbul, this massive facility opened in 2018 and has gradually replaced the older Atatürk Airport.
Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (SAW)
Located on Istanbul’s Asian side, Sabiha Gökçen serves as the city’s second major airport. It’s a hub for Pegasus Airlines and handles significant domestic and international traffic, particularly from budget carriers.
Ankara Esenboğa Airport (ESB)
Serving Turkey’s capital, Esenboğa Airport handles both domestic and international flights. Though smaller than Istanbul’s airports, it provides essential connections for government officials, diplomats, and business travelers visiting the administrative center of Turkey.
Antalya Airport (AYT)
As the gateway to Turkey’s southern Mediterranean coast, Antalya Airport experiences dramatic seasonal fluctuations, becoming one of Europe’s busiest airports during summer months. It primarily serves the tourism industry, with numerous charter and scheduled flights connecting to European cities.
İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport (ADB)
Serving Turkey’s third-largest city and the Aegean region, this airport connects İzmir to domestic destinations and many European cities. It plays a crucial role in supporting tourism to nearby coastal destinations like Çeşme and Kuşadası.
Dalaman Airport (DLM)
Known as the gateway to Turkey’s southwestern Mediterranean coast (the Turquoise Coast), Dalaman Airport primarily serves tourists visiting destinations like Fethiye, Marmaris, and Ölüdeniz. It experiences high seasonal traffic during summer months.
Bodrum-Milas Airport (BJV)
Serving the Bodrum Peninsula and surrounding areas, this airport handles significant international tourist traffic, especially during summer. It connects the popular resort area to numerous European destinations and domestic cities.
Adana Şakirpaşa Airport (ADA)
As the sixth-busiest airport in Turkey, Şakirpaşa serves the major southeastern city of Adana and surrounding regions. It handles both domestic and limited international traffic.
Major Train Stations
For more details visit: https://ebilet.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr/
Istanbul Haydarpaşa Station
This historic station on Istanbul’s Asian side was once the terminus for trains from Anatolia and the Middle East. Though regular service has been reduced due to the Marmaray project, the iconic building remains an important landmark with plans for restoration and potential future service.
Istanbul Sirkeci Station
Located on the European side, this historic terminal was the western terminus of the famous Orient Express. Like Haydarpaşa, its role has changed with modern developments, but it remains historically significant.
Istanbul Halkalı Station
Serving as a major terminal for westbound trains from Istanbul, Halkalı now handles international trains to Europe and some domestic services.
Istanbul Söğütlüçeşme Station
This station on the Asian side has gained importance as a hub for eastern connections after the transformation of Haydarpaşa’s role.
Ankara Central Station (Ankara Gar)
Ankara’s main station serves as the hub of Turkey’s developing high-speed rail network. From here, YHT (high-speed) trains depart to Istanbul, Konya, Eskişehir, and other cities. The station underwent significant renovation to accommodate high-speed services.
Eskişehir Station
An important junction in Turkey’s railway network, Eskişehir serves as a hub connecting high-speed lines to conventional services and is a critical stop on the Istanbul-Ankara route.
Konya Station
Redesigned to accommodate high-speed trains, Konya Station is a key terminal on Turkey’s YHT network, with fast connections to Ankara and Istanbul.
İzmir Basmane Station
The main station in İzmir handles regional trains to destinations throughout the Aegean region.
İzmir Alsancak Station
This historic station in İzmir serves local commuter trains and some regional services.
Bus Terminals
Major Bus Stations (Otogar)
Istanbul Grand Bus Terminal (Büyük Otogar)
Located in Esenler on the European side, this massive complex is one of the world’s largest bus stations. It handles approximately 15,000 buses and 600,000 passengers daily when operating at full capacity, with services to virtually every corner of Turkey and some international destinations. The facility contains hundreds of ticket offices, restaurants, shops, and service facilities.
Ankara AŞTİ (Ankara Şehirlerarası Terminal İşletmesi)
Ankara’s main intercity bus terminal is another enormous facility, serving as a central hub for routes throughout Anatolia. The terminal features modern amenities including numerous restaurants, shops, and services for travelers.
İzmir Bus Terminal
Located in Bornova district, İzmir’s main bus station connects the city with destinations throughout the Aegean region and across Turkey.
Antalya Bus Terminal
Serving Turkey’s tourism capital, this terminal handles heavy traffic between coastal resorts and other major cities, with dramatic seasonal variations in passenger numbers.
Bursa Bus Terminal
A modern facility serving Turkey’s fourth-largest city, with connections throughout the Marmara region and nationwide.
Trabzon Bus Terminal
The major bus hub for Turkey’s eastern Black Sea region, connecting coastal cities with interior Anatolia and major metropolitan centers.
Gaziantep Bus Terminal
An important transportation hub for southeastern Turkey, with connections to nearby Syrian border regions and cities throughout eastern and central Anatolia.
Urban Transportation Hubs
Istanbul Marmaray Stations
The underwater rail tunnel connecting Europe and Asia includes major hub stations like Yenikapı, which integrates multiple metro lines, Marmaray rail service, and sea transportation options. This ambitious project has transformed Istanbul’s transportation landscape.
Istanbul Metrobus Terminals
The Metrobus system runs on dedicated lanes across the Bosphorus Bridge, with major terminals at Söğütlüçeşme on the Asian side and Avcılar and Beylikdüzü on the European side. These terminals integrate with other forms of public transport.
Kabataş Transfer Center (Istanbul)
This waterfront hub integrates ferry services, the T1 tram line, funicular connection to Taksim Square, and buses.
Kadıköy Square (Istanbul)
On the Asian side, this major hub connects ferries, metro, buses, minibuses, and the historical heritage tram.
Üsküdar Square (Istanbul)
Another important Asian-side hub connecting ferries, Marmaray, Metro, and numerous bus lines.
Taksim Square (Istanbul)
The heart of modern Istanbul serves as a transportation hub with metro, funicular, heritage tram, and numerous bus connections.
Kızılay Square (Ankara)
The central transportation hub in Turkey’s capital integrates multiple metro lines, Ankaray light rail, and numerous bus routes.
Konak Square (İzmir)
İzmir’s central transportation node connects the metro, ferry services, buses, and the historic Konak-Karşıyaka ferry line.
Port and Ferry Terminals
Istanbul Karaköy/Galata Port
This recently redeveloped cruise and ferry terminal in central Istanbul serves international cruise ships and some ferry services.
Istanbul Yenikapı Ferry Terminal
A major hub for sea buses and fast ferries connecting to destinations across the Marmara Sea, including Bursa (Mudanya) and Yalova.
Istanbul Eminönü/Sirkeci Docks
Historic ferry terminals serving routes across the Bosphorus and to the Princes’ Islands.
Çeşme Port
This western port near İzmir offers ferry connections to Greek islands, particularly Chios.
Kuşadası Port
A major cruise ship destination and ferry terminal with connections to Greek islands, especially Samos.
Bodrum Ferry Terminal
Offers connections to nearby Greek islands, particularly Kos.
Marmaris Ferry Terminal
Provides services to the Greek island of Rhodes.
Ayvalık Port
Connects to the Greek island of Lesbos with regular ferry service.
Integration of Transportation Systems
Turkey has been investing heavily in creating integrated transportation hubs where multiple modes connect seamlessly. This is most evident in Istanbul, where:
The Marmaray project created underground stations that connect suburban rail lines, metro systems, and surface transportation.
Major transfer centers like Yenikapı, Üsküdar, and Kadıköy integrate rail, sea, and road transportation in single locations.
The Istanbulkart smart card system allows passengers to use virtually all forms of public transportation with a single payment method.
Similar integration efforts are underway in other major cities like Ankara, İzmir, and Bursa, where transportation authorities are working to create unified networks with convenient transfers between different modes.
As Turkey continues developing its transportation infrastructure, these hubs will likely grow in importance and connectivity, further strengthening the country’s position as a crucial bridge between continents and cultures.
Istanbul
By Air: The Primary Gateway
Istanbul is served by two major international airports:
Istanbul Airport (IST)
Located on the European side, approximately 40 km northwest of the city center, Istanbul Airport is now the main international gateway to the city and one of the largest airports in the world.
Airlines and Destinations: Istanbul Airport serves as the main hub for Turkish Airlines, which connects Istanbul to over 300 destinations worldwide. Nearly all major international carriers operate flights to Istanbul, including:
Transfer Options from the Airport: Once you’ve arrived at Istanbul Airport, you have several options to reach the city center:
- Havaist Airport Shuttles: Comfortable buses with dedicated luggage space running to various city hubs including Taksim, Beşiktaş, Kadıköy, and Yenikapı
- Public Bus H2: Budget option connecting to Mecidiyeköy, where you can transfer to metro and metrobüs lines
- Taxis: Yellow cabs with a fixed fare system for airport transfers
- Private transfers: Can be arranged through your hotel or travel platforms
Sabiha Gökçen Airport (SAW)
Located on the Asian side, about 45 km east of the city center, this airport primarily serves budget airlines and domestic flights, though it does handle international traffic as well.
Airlines and Destinations: Sabiha Gökçen is a hub for Pegasus Airlines and also serves AnadoluJet (Turkish Airlines’ budget subsidiary), along with various European low-cost carriers like Wizz Air and EasyJet.
Transfer Options from the Airport:
- Havabus: Shuttle service to Taksim and Kadıköy
- Public Buses: E3 to Kadıköy, E10 to Bostancı, and E11 to 4. Levent
- Taxis: Available with a fixed fare system
- Metro: The M4 line has been extended to reach the airport, connecting it to the broader Istanbul rail network
By Land: Overland Routes
By Train
Train connections to Istanbul have improved in recent years, though they remain limited compared to air travel:
From Europe:
- The Bosphorus Express: Connects Sofia (Bulgaria) to Istanbul’s Halkalı station
- The Balkan Express: From Belgrade (Serbia) via Sofia to Istanbul
Once trains arrive at Halkalı station (on the outskirts of European Istanbul), you can connect to the Marmaray line to reach the city center.
From Asia/Middle East:
- The Trans-Asia Express: Runs between Tehran (Iran) and Ankara, with connections to Istanbul
- Eastern Express: Connects eastern Turkish cities to Ankara, with onward connections to Istanbul
High-Speed Rail: Turkey has expanded its high-speed rail network, with services now connecting Ankara, Konya, and Eskişehir to Istanbul. These trains arrive at Söğütlüçeşme (Asian side) or Halkalı (European side) stations.
By Bus
Long-distance bus travel is very popular in Turkey, with excellent connections to Istanbul from virtually every city in the country and neighboring nations:
International Routes: Buses connect Istanbul to:
- Sofia and Plovdiv (Bulgaria)
- Thessaloniki and Athens (Greece)
- Bucharest (Romania)
- Belgrade (Serbia)
- Skopje (North Macedonia)
Domestic Routes: Extensive networks connect Istanbul to all major Turkish cities with comfortable buses offering amenities like WiFi, entertainment systems, and refreshment services.
Bus Terminals:
- Istanbul Otogar (European side): The main intercity bus terminal
- Harem Bus Terminal (Asian side): Serves mainly Asian destinations
From these terminals, you can connect to the city’s public transportation network.
By Sea: Maritime Connections
Ferry Services
Several international ferry routes connect Istanbul to neighboring countries:
From Greece:
- Ferries from Greek islands like Lesvos, Chios, and Rhodes to various Istanbul ports
- Seasonal connections from Thessaloniki
From Ukraine:
- Ferry services from Odessa and Sevastopol to Istanbul (subject to political conditions)
From Russia:
- Black Sea connections from Sochi and other Russian ports
Cruise Ships
Istanbul is a popular port of call for Mediterranean and Black Sea cruises. Ships typically dock at:
- Galataport Istanbul: A modern cruise terminal in Karaköy
- Istanbul Port (Sarayburnu): Near the historic peninsula
Getting Around Istanbul:
Istanbul is a sprawling metropolis that spans two continents, making an understanding of its transportation system essential for visitors. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you navigate this fascinating city efficiently.
For more details visit: https://www.metro.istanbul/Home
Public Transportation Overview
Istanbul’s public transportation network is extensive, integrated, and relatively affordable. The system includes:
Metro (Subway)
Istanbul’s metro system continues to expand and currently has 8 lines serving major areas of the city. It’s fast, reliable, and an excellent way to avoid the notorious traffic.
The main lines include:
- M1A: Connects Yenikapi-Ataturk Airport
Integration
- To M1B Yenikapi-Kirazlı Metro Line M2 Yenikapi – Haciosman Metro Line, T6 Sirkeci-Kazlicesme Tram Line and Marmaray from Yenikapi Station,
- At İncirli Station, passengers can transfer to the M3 Bakırköy Sahil-Kayaşehir Central Metro Line and the Metrobus Line
- To BRT (Metrobus) from Merter, Zeytinburnu, Bahcelievler and Atakoy – Sirinevler stations,
- To T1 Kabatas-Bagcilar Tram Line from Aksaray and Zeytinburnu stations, transfers to the relevant modes can be made from the above mentioned stations.
- M1B: Runs from Yenikapi-Kirazli Metro
Integration
- To M1A Yenikapi-Atatürk Havalimani Metro Line M2 Yenikapi – Haciosman Metro Line, T6 Sirkeci-Kazlıcesme Tram Line and Marmaray from Yenikapi Station,
- To T4 Topkapı-Mescid-i Selam tram line from Topkapi-Ulubatli station
- To T1 Kabatas-Bagcilar Tram Line from Aksaray and Bagcilar Square stations,
- To M3 Kirazli-Kayasehir Merkez Metro Line from Kirazli-Bagcilar station, transfers to the relevant modes can be made from the above mentioned stations.
- M2: Runs from Yenikapı through Taksim to Hacıosman
Integration
- At Yenikapi Station, you can change for M1A Yenikapi-Ataturk Airport Metro Line, M1B Yenikapi-Kirazli Metro Line, T6 Sirkeci-Kazlicesme Tram Line and Marmaray,
- At Vezneciler – Istanbul University Station, you can change for T1 Kabatas – Bagcilar Tram Line
- At Haliç Station, you can transfer to the T5 Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line.
- At Şişli-Mecidiyeköy Station, you can transfer to the M7 Yıldız-Mahmutbey metro line.
- At Sishane Station, you can change for T2 Istiklal Caddesi Tram Line and F2 Karakoy – Beyoglu Historical Tunnel Line,
- At Taksim Station, you can change for T2 Istiklal Caddesi Tram Line and F1 Taksim-Kabatas Funicular Line,
- At Sisli – Mecidiyekoy and Gayrettepe stations, you can change for Metrobus (BRT) line,
- At Gayrettepe Station, you can change for M11 Gayrettepe – Istanbul Airport Metro Line,
- At Levent Station, you can change for M6 Levent-Bogaziçi Ü./Hisarüstü Metro Line,
- At Sanayi Mahallesi Station (without leaving the system, passing to a separate platform area), you can change to Seyrantepe Shuttle Extension.
- M3: Bakirkoy-Kayasehir
Integration:
- At Ikitelli Sanayi Station, transfer to M9 Bahariye-Olimpiyat Line,
- At Mahmutbey Station, transfer to M7 Yildiz-Mahmutbey Line,
- At Kirazli Bagcilar Station, transfer to M1B Yenikapi-Kirazli Bagcilar Line,
- At Incirli Station, transfer to M1A Yenikapi-Ataturk Airport Line and Metrobus Line,
- At Ozgurluk Meydani Station, transfer to B1 Halkali-Gebze Marmaray Line and Bakirkoy High-Speed Train Station.
- M4: Connects the Asian side from Kadikoy-Sabiha Gokcen Airport
Integration
- You can change for T3 Kadikoy – Moda Tram Line, sea lines, sea buses and motorboats at Kadikoy Station.
- You can change for Marmaray at Ayrilik Cesmesi station.
- You can change for Metrobus (BRT) Line at Unalan station.
- You can change for M8 Bostanci-Dudullu-Parseller Metro Line at Kozyatagi station.
- You can change for Pendik High Speed Train Station using IETT buses at Pendik station.
- M5: Runs from Uskudar-Samandira on the Asian side
Integration
- You can change for Marmaray, IETT and piers at Uskudar station,
- You can change for Metrobus (BRT) line at Altunizade station.
- You can change for M8 Bostanci-Dudullu-Parseller Metro Line at Dudullu station.
- M6: A short line connecting Levent to Boğaziçi University/Hisarüstü
Integration
- You can change for M2 Yenikapi – Haciosman Metro Line at Levent Station.
- You can change for F4 Boğazici U./Hisarustu-Asiyan Funicular Line at Bogazici U./Hisarustu Station.
- M7: Connects Yildiz-Mahmutbey Metro
Integration
- M2 Yenikapi-Haciosman Metro Line and BRT (Metrobus) operation at Mecidiyekoy Station,
- M11 Gayrettepe-Istanbul Airport Metro Line at Kagithane Station,
- T5 Eminonu-Alibeykoy Tram Line at Alibeykoy Station,
- T4 Topkapi-Mescid-i Selam Tram Line at Karadeniz Mahallesi Station,
- M3 Kirazli-Kayasehir Merkez Metro Line at Mahmutbey Station
- M8: Runs from Bostanci-Parseller
Integration
- You can change for Marmaray, high speed train station, sea lines and seabuses at Bostanci station.
- You can change for M4 Kadikoy-Sabiha Gokcen Airport metro line at Kozyatagi station.
- You can change for M5 Uskudar-Cekmekoy metro line at Dudullu station.
- M9: Runs from Atakoy-Olimpiyat
Integration
- At İkitelli Sanayi Station, transfer is available to the M3 Bakırköy Sahil-Kayaşehir Merkez metro line.
- At Yenibosna Station, transfer is available to the M1A Yenikapı-Atatürk Airport metro line and the metrobus service.
- At Ataköy Station, transfer is available to the B1 Halkalı-Gebze Marmaray suburban railway line.
The metro operates from approximately 6:00 AM to midnight, with trains every 3-5 minutes during peak hours.
Marmaray
This underwater rail line is an engineering marvel that connects the European and Asian sides of Istanbul via a tunnel beneath the Bosphorus. It runs from Halkalı on the European side to Gebze on the Asian side, making it invaluable for cross-continental travel.
Metrobüs
This Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system runs on dedicated lanes, making it faster than regular buses. The main line stretches from Beylikdüzü on the European side to Söğütlüçeşme on the Asian side, crossing the Bosphorus via the 15 July Martyrs Bridge. It operates 24/7, with buses arriving every 30 seconds to 5 minutes depending on the time of day.
Trams
Istanbul has several tram lines that are particularly useful for tourists:
- T1: Runs from Kabataş to Bağcılar, passing through historic Sultanahmet and the Grand Bazaar
Integration
- At Bagcilar Station, you can change to M1B Yenikapi-Kirazli Metro Line,
- At Zeytinburnu Station, you can change to M1A Yenikapi-Ataturk Airport Metro Line and Metrobus (BRT) line,
- At Cevizlibag-Ataturk Ogrenci Yurdu Station, you can change to the Metrobus (BRT) line,
- At Topkapi Station, you can change to T4 Topkapi – Mescid-i Selam tram line,
- At Yusufpasa Station, you can change to M1A Yenikapi-Ataturk Airport and M1B Yenikapi-Kirazli metro lines,
- At Aksaray Station, you can change to M2 Yenikapi-Haciosman Metro Line and Marmaray line,
- At Laleli-Istanbul University Station, you can change to M2 Yenikapi-Haciosman Metro Line,
- At Sirkeci Station, you can transfer between the T6 Sirkeci-Kazlicesme tram line and the Marmaray service.
- At Eminönü Station, you can transfer to T5 Eminönü-Alibeyköy Tram Line and sea operations,
- At Karaköy Station, you can change to F2 Karakoy-Beyoglu historical tunnel line and sea operations,
- At Kabatas Station, you can change to F1 Taksim-Kabatas funicular line, Intercity Lines, IDO and motorboats.
- T3: Runs From Kadikoy-Moda
Integration
- At Kadikoy-IDO Station, you can change to IDO sea operation,
- At Iskele Camii Station, you can change to M4 Kadikoy-Sabiha Gokcen Metro Line, bus lines, Intercity Lines, IDO and motorboats.
- T4: Connects Topkapı to Mescid-i Selam
Integration
- At Kiptaş-Venezia Station, you can transfer to the M7 Yıldız-Mahmutbey Metro Line.
- At Sehitlik Station, you can change to the Metrobus (BRT) line,
- At Vatan Station, you can change to M1A Yenikapi-Ataturk Airport and M1B Yenikapi-Kirazli Metro lines,
- At Topkapi Station, you can change to T1 Kabatas-Bagcilar Tram Line and Metrobus (BRT) line.
- T5: Serves the Asian side from Eminonu-Alibeykoy
Integration
- M7 Mecidiyeköy-Mahmutbey Metro Line at Alibeyköy Metro Station,
- TF2 Eyüp-Piyer Loti Cable Car Line at Eyüpsultan Cable Car Station.
- City Lines piers are available from Feshane, Ayvansaray, Balat, and Fener stations.
- M2 Yenikapı-Hacıosman Metro Line, from Küçükpazar station.
- From Eminönü Station, integration is available with the T1 Kabataş-Bağcılar Tram Line and City Lines piers.
Funiculars
- F1: Connects Taksim Square to Kabataş
Integration
- At Taksim Station, you can change to M2 Yenikapi – Haciosman Metro Line and T2 Taksim – Tunnel Heritage Tram,
- At Kabatas Station, you can change to T1 Kabatas-Bagcilar Tram Line, intercity lines, IDO, BUDO and motorboats.
- F4: Runs from Bogazici University | Hisarustu to Asiyan
Integration
- The line provides integration with M6 Levent-Bogazici University/Hisarustu line at Bogazici Üniversity/Hisarustu Station.
Cable Car
- TF1: Macka-Taskisla Aerial Cable Car Line
- TF2: Eyup-Piyer Loti Aerial Cable Car Line
Ferries (Vapur)
For more details visit: https://sehirhatlari.istanbul/en
Given Istanbul’s geography, ferries are an essential and scenic part of the transportation system. They connect various points along the Bosphorus, the Golden Horn, and between the European and Asian sides. The main ferry operator is Şehir Hatları, with routes from:
- Eminönü to Kadıköy and Üsküdar
- Beşiktaş to Kadıköy and Üsküdar
- Karaköy to Kadıköy
- Various Bosphorus tours and commuter lines
Buses
For more details visit: https://www.iett.istanbul/en
An extensive bus network covers the entire city, including areas not served by rail transport. Buses run from approximately 6:00 AM to midnight, with some night buses (identified by the letter N before the route number) operating overnight.
There are 400 bus lines in Istanbul, the majority work until midnight every night. Except for Sultanahmet (accessible by tram), buses go all over the city. Destinations and major stops are written in yellow on the sides of the buses.
Dolmuş
These shared minibuses operate on fixed routes but don’t have designated stops—you can get on or off anywhere along the route by telling the driver. They’re particularly useful for areas not well-served by other public transportation.
The main dolmuş lines are in Europe: Beşiktaş – Taksim; and Taksim – Bakırköy, Yeşilköy; Sarıyer – Beşiktaş and Kadıköy and Üsküdar from Asia. There are also lines connecting Europe to Asia from Beşiktaş and Taksim.
Taxis
Yellow taxis are plentiful in Istanbul. They use meters and are generally affordable compared to Western European cities. However, be aware that some drivers might take longer routes with tourists or claim their meter is broken to charge a flat (higher) fee.
Payment Systems
Istanbul Card (İstanbulkart)
For more details visit: https://www.iett.istanbul/en
This contactless smart card is essential for using public transportation efficiently:
- Can be purchased at major transit stations, some kiosks, and authorized retailers
- Costs about 13 TL for the card itself (non-refundable)
- Can be topped up at machines in stations, some kiosks, and via mobile apps
- Offers discounted transfers when used within a 2-hour period
- Can be shared by multiple people (though each person needs to tap separately)
- Available as a digital card through some mobile apps
Single-use tickets
While available for some modes of transport, they’re significantly more expensive than using the İstanbulkart.
Essential Transportation Apps and Websites
Moovit
Offers comprehensive route planning across all forms of public transportation, real-time arrivals, and service disruption notifications. Available in multiple languages including English.
Trafi
Provides real-time public transport information, including arrival times and route planning. Also shows available shared bikes and scooters nearby.
BiTaksi
The most reliable taxi-hailing app in Istanbul, with fare estimation and driver tracking. The app has an English interface.
İBB Cep Trafik
The official Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality traffic app provides real-time traffic information, road closures, and accident reports.
İETT Mobile
The official app of Istanbul’s bus authority provides real-time bus tracking and schedule information.
Google Maps
While not as comprehensive or accurate as local apps for public transportation, it’s still useful for general navigation and walking directions.
Website Resources
- www.iett.istanbul – Official website for Istanbul’s public transport authority
- www.sehirhatlari.istanbul – Official website for ferry services
- www.metro.istanbul – Information about the metro and rail systems
Practical Tips for Navigating Istanbul
Understanding Istanbul’s Geography
Istanbul is divided by the Bosphorus Strait into European and Asian sides, with the European side further divided by the Golden Horn. Key areas include:
- Historic Peninsula (European side): Contains Sultanahmet, the Grand Bazaar, and many historic sites
- Beyoğlu (European side): Includes Taksim Square, Istiklal Street, and vibrant nightlife
- Beşiktaş/Ortaköy (European side): Upscale neighborhoods with dining options and Bosphorus views
- Kadıköy/Üsküdar (Asian side): More residential but increasingly popular with visitors
Airport Transportation
From Istanbul Airport (IST):
- Havaist Shuttle Buses: Connect to various city centers like Taksim, Beşiktaş, and Kadıköy
- H2 Public Bus: Budget option to Mecidiyeköy
- Taxis: Fixed fare system in place (approximately 270-350 TL depending on destination)
From Sabiha Gökçen Airport (SAW):
- Havabus: Regular service to Taksim and Kadıköy
- Public Buses: E3 to Kadıköy, E10 to Bostancı, and E11 to 4. Levent
- Taxis: Fixed fare system (approximately 160-240 TL depending on destination)
Tourist Passes
Consider the Istanbul Tourist Pass or Museum Pass, which sometimes include transportation options along with attraction entries.
Beyond Public Transportation
Shared Mobility Options
- Martı: Electric scooters and bikes available throughout the city
- BinBin: Another electric scooter option
- MOOV: Electric moped sharing service
Cappadocia
Cappadocia, with its otherworldly landscapes and fairy chimneys, requires some planning to navigate effectively.
Reaching Cappadocia
By Air
Cappadocia has two nearby airports:
Nevşehir Kapadokya Airport (NAV)
It is closest to the main tourist areas, about 30-40 minutes from Göreme. This smaller airport primarily handles domestic flights from Istanbul (both airports) with Turkish Airlines and Pegasus Airlines operating daily connections.
Kayseri Erkilet Airport (ASR)
It is larger but farther away (about 1 hour from Göreme). More airlines serve this airport, including Turkish Airlines, Pegasus, and SunExpress, with multiple daily flights from Istanbul and seasonal direct flights from some European cities.
For both airports, you have several transfer options:
- Airport Shuttles: The most cost-effective option, priced around 30-40 TL (prices may vary). Companies like Shuttle Direct and Argeus Tourism operate shared minibuses that coordinate with flight arrivals. Advance booking is essential. The shuttle drivers will drop you directly at your accommodation.
- Private Transfers: Most hotels offer this service for around 250-350 TL. Comfortable and convenient, especially for families or groups.
- Rental Cars: All major agencies (Avis, Budget, Hertz, etc.) operate at both airports. Reserve in advance, especially during high season.
By Bus
Buses offer an economical alternative to flying:
From Istanbul:
The journey takes approximately 10-12 hours. Premium companies like Metro Turizm, Kamil Koç, and Nevşehir Seyahat operate modern buses with onboard amenities. Expect to pay around 350-450 TL for a one-way ticket. Buses typically depart from Istanbul’s Esenler Otogar (main bus station) or Harem Bus Terminal.
From Ankara:
A much shorter 4-5 hour journey with frequent departures throughout the day (approximately 150-200 TL).
Buses arrive at the main otogar (bus station) in either Nevşehir or Göreme. From Nevşehir, you’ll need to catch a local dolmuş (minibus) to reach tourism centers like Göreme, Ürgüp, or Avanos.
Pro tip: Use the Objbilit or biletall websites to compare prices and book bus tickets online.
Getting Around Cappadocia
Cappadocia is a region rather than a single town, with attractions spread across several valleys and towns including Göreme, Ürgüp, Avanos, Uçhisar, and others.
- Rental Car
Best for: Independent travelers who want maximum flexibility.
A rental car provides the most freedom to explore Cappadocia at your own pace, especially for reaching remote valleys and viewpoints. Roads are generally well-maintained and signposted, though GPS is recommended as some attractions are tucked away on rural roads.
Rental costs typically start at around 400-500 TL per day for a basic vehicle. International companies like Hertz and Enterprise have offices in the main towns, while local agencies often offer more competitive rates. During peak season (May-October), advance reservation is strongly recommended.
Parking is generally available and free in most locations, though the centers of Göreme and Ürgüp can get congested during high season.
Fuel stations are plentiful, but note that they’re less common in the more remote areas.
- Dolmuş (Local Minibuses)
Best for: Budget travelers comfortable with public transport.
These shared minibuses are the backbone of local transportation. They run set routes between the main towns with fairly regular schedules from early morning until around 8-9 PM.
Main dolmuş routes include:
- Nevşehir to Göreme (runs approximately every 30 minutes)
- Göreme to Avanos (hourly)
- Göreme to Ürgüp (every 30-60 minutes)
- Ürgüp to Mustafapaşa (less frequent)
Fares are paid directly to the driver and are quite reasonable (10-30 TL depending on distance). Dolmuş vehicles typically have their destination displayed on the front window. To catch one, simply wait at a designated stop or wave one down along its route.
Important note: Service becomes less frequent in the evening and is minimal during winter months. Also, schedules can be unpredictable, so allow extra time when using dolmuş for time-sensitive connections.
- Taxis
Best for: Shorter trips or groups of 3-4 people.
Taxis are readily available in all the main towns, usually waiting around central squares and popular tourist sites. While more expensive than dolmuş, they’re still reasonably priced by international standards.
Sample fares (approximate):
- Göreme to Uçhisar: 50-60 TL
- Göreme to Ürgüp: 80-100 TL
- Göreme to Avanos: 80-100 TL
Always confirm the price before starting your journey, as meters aren’t always used. Some taxi drivers will offer to wait while you visit sites for an additional hourly fee (around 100-150 TL/hour), which can be cost-effective for making several stops.
BiTaksi app works in some parts of Cappadocia but coverage isn’t comprehensive.
- Guided Tours
Best for: First-time visitors wanting to maximize sightseeing with minimal planning.
Organized tours are extremely popular in Cappadocia and offer good value. They typically include transportation in air-conditioned vehicles, professional guides, and entrance fees.
Three standardized circuits are offered by most agencies:
- Red Tour: Covers north Cappadocia including Uçhisar Castle, Göreme Open Air Museum, Avanos, and Devrent Valley
- Green Tour: Explores south Cappadocia including Derinkuyu Underground City, Ihlara Valley, and Selime Monastery
- Blue Tour: Visits less-frequented sites in the east
Tours cost approximately 500-700 TL per person and can be booked through your hotel, local agencies, or online platforms like GetYourGuide or Viator.
- Motorcycle/Scooter Rental
Best for: Solo travelers or couples seeking independence
Scooters and small motorcycles can be rented in Göreme for around 200-300 TL per day. They provide a fun way to navigate the region’s smaller roads, though caution is advised on the main highways.
An international driver’s license with motorcycle endorsement is technically required, though some rental shops may not strictly enforce this.+
Transportation Apps and Websites
Several digital tools can significantly improve your Cappadocia transportation experience:
For Bus Travel
- obilet.com – The most comprehensive platform for booking intercity bus tickets
- BiletAll – Another reliable option for comparing bus companies and schedules
- FlixBus – Now operating some routes to/from Cappadocia
- Metro Turizm, Kamil Koç, and Nevşehir Seyahat official apps – For direct bookings with these major companies
For Local Transportation
- Moovit – Provides some coverage of local dolmuş routes and schedules
- BiTaksi – For ordering taxis in some Cappadocia towns
- Yandex Maps – Often more accurate than Google Maps for the region, with better coverage of small roads and paths
For Car Rental
- YOLCU360 – Compares prices across local Turkish rental agencies
- Discover Cars or RentalCars.com – Good for comparing international agencies
General Navigation
- Maps.me – Excellent for offline navigation, especially for hiking trails
- Cappadocia Guide & Map – Specialized app with points of interest and transportation info
- Windy – Important for checking weather conditions if planning balloon flights
Practical Tips
- Language Barrier: While tourist areas are English-friendly, having transportation phrases in Turkish saved on your phone can be helpful when using public transport or taxis.
- Seasonal Considerations: Public transportation frequency decreases significantly during winter months (November-March).
- Balloon Transfers: If booked with reputable companies, hot air balloon experiences include hotel pick-up and drop-off, typically very early morning (around 4:30-5:00 AM).
- Distance Awareness: While Cappadocia may look compact on maps, the terrain can make journeys longer than expected. The region’s main attractions span an area roughly 40km by 50km.
- Regional Transportation Card: If staying longer, inquire about the Nevşehir transportation card for small discounts on frequent dolmuş travel.
- Evening Transport: Plan your return transportation carefully if visiting restaurants or shows outside your accommodation town, as options become limited after 8-9 PM.
- Google Timeline: Enable this feature to help remember less-documented spots you discover while exploring.
- Emergencies: Save the tourist police number (0384 213 5070) and your hotel contact for transportation emergencies.
Ephesus
Ephesus (Efes in Turkish) is one of Turkey’s most magnificent archaeological sites, drawing visitors from around the world to its remarkably preserved ancient city. As Ephesus itself is an archaeological site rather than a modern residential area, understanding the transportation logistics is essential for a smooth visit.
Orientation: Understanding Ephesus Geography
Ephesus archaeological site sits approximately 3 km southwest of Selçuk, the nearest town. Most visitors stay in either:
- Selçuk: The small town closest to Ephesus with hotels, restaurants, and its own attractions
- Kuşadası: A larger coastal resort town about 20 km away
- İzmir: The major city in the region, about 80 km north
The ancient city of Ephesus has two entrance gates approximately 2 km apart:
- The Lower Gate (north entrance) near the Harbor Street and Theater
- The Upper Gate (south entrance) near the State Agora and Magnesia Gate
Most visitors enter at one gate and exit through the other, walking downhill from the Upper Gate to the Lower Gate.
Getting to the Ephesus Region
By Air
The nearest airport is İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport (ADB), which serves both domestic and international flights.
From the airport to Selçuk/Ephesus, you have several options:
- Train: The most economical option. İzmir’s suburban train system (İZBAN) connects the airport to Tepeköy station, where you transfer to the regional TCDD train to Selçuk. Total journey time is about 1.5 hours and costs approximately 25-30 TL. Trains run frequently during daytime hours.
- Airport Shuttle Services: Companies like Efes Tour and Hello Ephesus offer direct shuttles from the airport to Selçuk or Kuşadası. Prices range from 200-350 TL depending on destination and whether it’s shared or private. Booking in advance is strongly recommended.
- Taxi: Direct taxis to Selçuk cost approximately 400-500 TL and take around 45-60 minutes depending on traffic.
- Rental Car: All major rental agencies operate at İzmir Airport. The drive to Selçuk is straightforward via the O-31 highway and Route 550.
By Train
Turkey’s national rail company (TCDD) operates services to Selçuk from:
- İzmir (Basmane Station): Multiple daily departures, journey time about 1 hour 15 minutes, approximately 20-25 TL.
- Denizli (for Pamukkale): Limited service (usually once daily), journey time about 3-3.5 hours.
The train station in Selçuk is conveniently located in the town center, about 1 km from the minibus station for Ephesus.
Pro tip: Check current train schedules on the TCDD website (https://ebilet.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr/) or use the TCDD app, as timetables can change seasonally.
By Bus
Intercity buses connect major Turkish cities to Selçuk and Kuşadası:
- From Istanbul: Direct buses to Selçuk (approximately 9-10 hours) or more frequent services to Kuşadası. Companies like Metro Turizm, Pamukkale, and KamilKoç operate this route. Tickets range from 350-500 TL.
- From Ankara: Similar duration to Istanbul routes, with comparable pricing.
- From Other Tourist Destinations (Bodrum, Marmaris, etc.): Regular services available, particularly during summer season.
Most long-distance buses will arrive at the main otogar (bus station) in either Selçuk or Kuşadası. From Selçuk’s otogar, it’s a short walk or taxi ride to the town center.
Note: Many bus companies don’t go directly to Selçuk but stop at the larger Kuşadası station, where you’ll need to transfer to a smaller local bus to reach Selçuk (30-45 minutes).
For bus bookings, the most reliable platforms are:
- obilet
- biletall
- Metro Turizm, Pamukkale, and KamilKoç official websites
Getting to Ephesus Archaeological Site
Once you’ve reached Selçuk, you have several options for the final leg to Ephesus:
- Minibus (Dolmuş)
Small local minibuses run between Selçuk center and the Lower Gate of Ephesus. These depart from a small station on Ephesus Avenue (Efes Caddesi) near the train station:
- Frequency: Every 20-30 minutes during peak season (April-October), less frequent during winter
- Operating hours: Typically 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM
- Cost: Approximately 10-15 TL one-way
- Journey time: About 5-10 minutes
The minibuses are marked “Ephesus” or “Efes” and are easy to recognize. Simply wait at the designated stop and pay the driver directly when boarding.
For the return journey, wait at the small minibus stop outside the Lower Gate. The last minibus typically leaves around 5:30-6:00 PM, but confirm the schedule with your driver if you’re visiting late in the day.
- Taxi
Taxis are readily available in Selçuk and provide the most convenient option:
- From Selçuk to Ephesus: Approximately 50-70 TL one-way
- From Kuşadası to Ephesus: Approximately 150-200 TL one-way
Many taxi drivers will offer to wait while you explore the site (typically 2-3 hours) for an agreed return fare. This can be a good value, especially if you’re a group of 3-4 people. Negotiate and agree on the price before departing.
Exploring the Ephesus Site
The archaeological site itself requires extensive walking:
- Total distance: Approximately 2-3 km from end to end if you explore all areas
- Terrain: Mostly stone pathways with some uneven surfaces and steps
- Elevation change: About 100 meters from Upper to Lower Gate (downhill)
Important considerations:
- No public transportation exists inside the archaeological site
- Golf cart rentals are available at both entrances for visitors with mobility issues (approximately 500 TL)
- Wear comfortable shoes and bring water, especially in summer
- Most visitors spend 2-4 hours exploring the site
Strategic tip: Most visitors find it easier to start at the Upper Gate and walk downhill to the Lower Gate, then catch transportation back to Selçuk from there.
Exploring Beyond Ephesus
Several related sites near Ephesus are worth visiting:
House of Virgin Mary (Meryemana)
Located 8 km from Ephesus on Mount Koressos:
- By dolmuş: No direct public transport. You would need to return to Selçuk first
- By taxi: Approximately 100-120 TL from Ephesus or Selçuk one-way
- By tour: Many organized tours combine this with Ephesus
Şirince Village
This picturesque former Greek village is located 8 km east of Selçuk:
- By dolmuş: Regular minibuses depart from Selçuk center (near the train station) every 30-60 minutes. Journey takes about 15 minutes and costs approximately 15-20 TL.
- By taxi: Around 80-100 TL one-way from Selçuk
Artemision (Temple of Artemis)
This ancient wonder’s remains are within walking distance of Selçuk center:
- Location: About 1 km from Selçuk center
- Access: Free and accessible at all hours
Transportation Apps and Websites
These digital tools will help you navigate the region more effectively:
For Train Travel
- TCDD Taşımacılık official app – For booking train tickets and checking schedules
- ebilet.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr – Official website for Turkish railway tickets
For Bus Travel
- obilet.com – Comprehensive platform for intercity bus tickets
- biletall.com – Alternative bus booking platform
- Metro Turizm, Pamukkale, and KamilKoç official apps – For direct bookings with major companies
For Local Transportation
- BiTaksi – Works in İzmir and some larger towns
- Moovit – Limited but useful coverage of local transport options
General Navigation
- Maps.me – Excellent offline maps with walking paths marked
- Google Maps – Limited public transportation information but good for general navigation
- Yandex Maps – Often more detailed than Google Maps in Turkey
Practical Tips
- Timing: Visit Ephesus early morning (8:00-10:00 AM) or late afternoon (after 3:00 PM) to avoid both crowds and midday heat, especially in summer.
- Accommodation Strategy: Staying in Selçuk provides the easiest access to Ephesus and a more authentic experience than the more touristy Kuşadası.
- Combined Transportation: If arriving at İzmir Airport with plans to visit multiple sites, consider hiring a private driver for the day (approximately 1000-1500 TL) to cover Ephesus, House of Virgin Mary, and Şirince Village efficiently.
- Language Assistance: Save key phrases in Turkish related to transportation on your phone, especially for asking about schedules and prices.
- Cash Requirements: While credit cards are widely accepted at the Ephesus ticket office and established businesses, local transportation generally requires cash payment.
- Cruise Ship Visitors: If arriving via cruise ship to Kuşadası port:
- Cruise lines offer excursions to Ephesus (convenient but pricey)
- Local tour agencies at the port offer last-minute group tours
- The local bus from Kuşadası to Selçuk takes approximately 30-45 minutes (50-60 TL)
- Water Taxi: During summer season, water taxis connect Kuşadası harbor with beaches along the coast, though not directly to Ephesus.
- Multi-Site Tickets: No combined tickets exist for the various attractions in the region, but keep your Ephesus ticket as some restaurants and shops in Selçuk offer small discounts to visitors.
- Emergency Contacts: Save the tourist police number (155) and your hotel contact information for any transportation emergencies.
- Hiring Guides: Licensed guides are available at both entrance gates of Ephesus (approximately 400-600 TL for a 2-hour tour) and can arrange transportation to other sites.
Pamukkale & Hierapolis
Pamukkale and Hierapolis form one of Turkey’s most unique UNESCO World Heritage sites, combining natural travertine terraces with an extensive ancient Roman spa city. Located in southwestern Turkey’s Denizli Province, these connected attractions require some planning to reach and explore effectively.
Understanding the Geography
Before diving into transportation details, it’s helpful to understand the layout:
Pamukkale and Hierapolis occupy the same hillside location, with:
- Pamukkale village at the bottom of the hill, a small settlement with hotels, restaurants, and services
- The white travertine terraces (Pamukkale means “cotton castle” in Turkish) rising up the hillside
- The ancient city of Hierapolis sprawling across the plateau at the top
The entire site has three entrance gates:
- North Gate: Near the ancient Theater and Necropolis
- South Gate: Near the Antique Pool and Museum
- Town Gate: From Pamukkale village, allowing access up through the travertines
Getting to Pamukkale
By Air
The nearest airport is Denizli Çardak Airport (DNZ), located about 65 km east of Pamukkale:
- Flights: Turkish Airlines and Pegasus Airlines operate daily flights from Istanbul, with flight time around 1 hour
- Airport transportation:
- Airport shuttle buses run to Denizli bus terminal (approximately 25-30 TL)
- Taxis cost around 350-400 TL to Pamukkale village
- Some hotels offer airport pickup services (400-500 TL)
- Car rental agencies operate at the airport
For international travelers, flying into Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport (ADB) offers more flight options, though it’s farther away (about 220 km).
By Bus
Intercity buses are the most common way to reach Pamukkale:
From Istanbul: Direct overnight buses take approximately 9-11 hours. Major companies like Metro Turizm, Pamukkale Turizm, and Kamil Koç operate this route with comfortable coaches. Expect to pay around 400-600 TL.
From Izmir: Approximately 3-4 hour journey, with frequent daily departures. Tickets cost around 150-200 TL.
From Antalya: 4-5 hour journey, with several daily options. Tickets cost approximately 200-250 TL.
From Selçuk (Ephesus): Around 3 hours by bus. Some companies offer direct services, though you might need to change at Denizli. Tickets cost 150-200 TL.
Important note: Most intercity buses arrive at Denizli’s main bus terminal (otogar), not Pamukkale village. From the Denizli otogar, you’ll need to:
- Take a local minibus (dolmuş) marked “Pamukkale” from the terminal (25-30 TL, 20-30 minute journey)
- The dolmuş runs approximately every 30 minutes from early morning until evening
For bus bookings, these platforms are most reliable:
- https://www.obilet.com/enbiletall.com
- Pamukkale Turizm and Metro Turizm official websites
By Train
Train service to Denizli is available but limited:
- From Izmir (Basmane Station) to Denizli: A scenic 4-5 hour journey with 1-2 departures daily. Tickets cost approximately 300-400 TL. The train station in Denizli is about 2 km from the bus terminal.
- From the train station, you can take a taxi to the bus terminal and then catch the minibus to Pamukkale village.
Check current train schedules on the TCDD website (ebilet.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr) as service frequency can change seasonally.
By Organized Tour
Many tour companies operate day or overnight trips to Pamukkale from popular destinations:
- From Kusadasi, Selçuk or Izmir: Full-day tours (sometimes combined with Aphrodisias)
- From Antalya: Long day trips or overnight options
- From Bodrum or Marmaris: Day excursions are available but involve significant travel time
By Rental Car
Driving offers flexibility for exploring the broader region:
- Well-maintained highways connect Pamukkale to major cities
- Driving times: Izmir (3.5 hours), Antalya (4 hours), Bodrum (3 hours)
- Navigation is straightforward with digital maps, with good signage near Denizli
- Free parking is available near all entrance gates
- Rental cars start from around 600-700 TL per day during high season
Getting Around Pamukkale and Hierapolis
The site itself requires significant walking. Here’s how to navigate effectively:
Within the Archaeological Area
The Pamukkale-Hierapolis site is quite large, spanning approximately 2.7 km from north to south:
- Walking time: Exploring the entire site thoroughly requires 3-5 hours on foot
- Terrain: Uneven ancient paths, stone steps, and the travertine surfaces (which can be slippery)
No public transportation exists within the archaeological site itself.
For visitors with mobility issues:
- Electric carts can be hired near the South Gate for transportation within Hierapolis
- The site is not fully accessible for wheelchairs, particularly the travertine areas
Strategic Visiting Routes
Visitors typically follow one of these routes:
- Town Gate Approach (most popular):
- Enter through the Town Gate in Pamukkale village
- Walk up through the travertine pools (shoes must be removed)
- Explore Hierapolis at the top
- Exit via South Gate or return the same way
- South Gate Approach:
- Enter through the South Gate (near the museum)
- Explore Hierapolis from south to north
- Descend via the travertines to Pamukkale village
- This approach requires transportation to the South Gate initially
- North Gate Approach:
- Less common but provides immediate access to the impressive Theater
- Requires transportation to reach (taxis available from Pamukkale village)
Transportation Options in Pamukkale Village
The village itself is small and walkable, but you have several options for reaching the different gates:
- Local Shuttle Service: During high season, small shuttle vans run from the village center to the South Gate
- Taxis: Readily available in the village center:
- Walking: The village to the Town Gate entrance is just 5-10 minutes on foot
Day Trips from Pamukkale
Several worthwhile attractions are within day-trip distance:
Aphrodisias
This remarkable ancient city lies about 90 km from Pamukkale:
- No direct public transportation exists
- Join an organized tour (approximately 600-800 TL)
- Rental car is ideal for this trip
Laodicea
Just 10 km from Pamukkale:
- Local dolmuş services run from Denizli center (not from Pamukkale directly)
- Some hotels offer bicycle rentals for the energetic
Denizli City
The provincial capital offers shopping, dining, and a cable car with panoramic views:
- Regular dolmuş service from Pamukkale village
- Last dolmuş usually returns around 8:00-9:00 PM (confirm locally)
Practical Tips
- Timing Strategy: Visit the site early morning (opening time is 8:00 AM) or late afternoon to avoid tour groups and midday heat. The site typically closes at 7:00-9:00 PM depending on the season.
- Accommodation Location: Staying in Pamukkale village provides the most convenient access. Hotels on the hillside facing the travertines offer spectacular views.
- Water Shoes: Consider bringing water shoes/sandals that can get wet for walking in the thermal pools of the travertines.
- Transportation Scheduling: The last dolmuş from Denizli to Pamukkale typically departs around 8:00 PM in summer (earlier in winter). Confirm return transportation times if using public transit.
- Museum Plus Ticket: For a small additional fee, you can add access to the Hierapolis Archaeology Museum, which is worth the extra cost.
- Antique Pool Access: The famous “Cleopatra’s Pool” requires a separate ticket but includes changing facilities.
- Cash Requirements: While the main entrance accepts credit cards, local transportation generally requires cash payment. ATMs are available in Pamukkale village and Denizli.
- Weather Considerations: The white travertines reflect sunlight intensely—bringing sunglasses, hat, and sunscreen is essential, especially between 10:00 AM and 4:00 PM.
- Multi-day Visits: Consider buying separate tickets for different days if you want to thoroughly explore Hierapolis one day and enjoy the thermal pools another day, as one ticket only permits single entry.
- Emergency Contacts: Save the tourist police number (155) and your hotel contact for transportation emergencies.
- Off-season Transportation: Public transportation frequency decreases significantly during winter months (November-March).
Turkey's Turquoise Coast
Turkey’s Turquoise Coast (also known as the Turkish Riviera) stretches along the southwestern Mediterranean coastline, encompassing beautiful regions like Antalya, Muğla, Fethiye, Kaş, and Bodrum. Getting around this stunning coastal area requires understanding several transportation options.
Getting to the Turquoise Coast
By Air
The main gateway airports to the Turquoise Coast are:
- Antalya Airport (AYT): The largest international airport serving the eastern section
- Dalaman Airport (DLM): Serves the central portion (Fethiye, Göcek, Marmaris)
- Milas-Bodrum Airport (BJV): Services Bodrum and surrounding areas
During peak season (April-October), these airports receive numerous direct international flights. In off-season, you may need to connect through Istanbul.
From Istanbul
If arriving at Istanbul Airport, you have several options:
- Domestic flights to coastal airports (typically 1-1.5 hours)
- Overnight buses (9-12 hours depending on destination)
- Rental car via the D400 coastal highway (approximately 8-10 hours driving time)
Getting Around the Coast
Public Bus System (Dolmuş)
The dolmuş (pronounced “dol-moosh”) is the backbone of local transportation along the Turkish coast. These are minibuses that operate on fixed routes but without fixed schedules—they depart when full.
Key dolmuş details:
- Cost varies by distance but is very affordable (typically 10-50 TL for most journeys)
- They connect virtually all towns and many villages along the coast
- Frequency depends on the route and season (every 15-30 minutes on popular routes during summer)
- Most dolmuş stations are located in town centers
- You can flag them down anywhere along their route
- Payment is usually made directly to the driver in cash (Turkish Lira)
For intercity travel, larger coach buses operated by companies like Metro, Pamukkale, and Kamil Koç provide comfortable transportation between major coastal towns.
Ferries and Water Taxis
Water transportation is both practical and scenic along the Turquoise Coast:
- Regular ferry services connect major ports like Bodrum-Datça, Marmaris-Fethiye, and Fethiye-Kaş during summer months
- Water taxis can be hired at most harbors for trips to nearby beaches and islands
- Day boat trips (blue cruises) are popular for tourists and stop at multiple coastal points
- Seasonal hydrofoils operate between some locations (like Fethiye to Rhodes, Greece) during summer
The Bodrum-Kos (Greece) and Marmaris-Rhodes ferry services are popular for those looking to combine Turkish and Greek island exploration.
Rental Cars
Renting a car provides maximum flexibility for exploring the coast:
- Major international agencies (Avis, Hertz, Europcar) have offices at airports and in tourist towns
- Local companies often offer better rates (Çiçek Rent a Car, Yes Oto Kiralama)
- Roads along the coast have improved significantly in recent years
- The D400 highway runs the entire length of the coast
- Typical rental costs range from 500-1200 TL per day depending on vehicle and season
- An International Driving Permit is recommended alongside your national license
Driving considerations:
- Fuel stations are plentiful but distances between them increase in rural areas
- Coastal roads can be winding with steep drops
- Traffic in tourist towns becomes congested during peak season
- Parking can be challenging in historic town centers
Taxis
Taxis are readily available in all tourist areas:
- Yellow taxis with “taksi” signs are official and metered
- Starting fare is approximately 20-30 TL with 10-15 TL per kilometer
- Agree on price before departure for longer journeys
- Many drivers speak basic English in tourist areas
- Most accept cash only (keep Turkish Lira handy)
Bicycles and Scooters
For local exploration:
- Bicycle rentals cost around 100-200 TL per day in most towns
- Electric scooters and mopeds cost 200-400 TL per day
- The Lycian Way hiking trail parallels much of the coast and can be accessed from many points
Practical Transportation Tips
Seasonal Considerations
- Peak season (June-August): Book intercity transportation in advance; dolmuş services run late into the evening
- Shoulder season (April-May, September-October): Good balance of service availability and lower crowds
- Off-season (November-March): Reduced schedule for all public transportation; some ferry routes suspended
Money Matters
- Many smaller transportation providers accept cash only
- Keep a supply of small Turkish Lira notes for dolmuş and local buses
- Major credit cards work at airports and with larger bus companies
- Transportation costs increase substantially during peak season (sometimes doubling)
Language
- Learn basic Turkish transportation phrases:
- “Nereye gidiyor?” (Where is this going?)
- “Durağı nerede?” (Where is the stop?)
- “Ne kadar?” (How much?)
- “Inecek var!” (I want to get off! – essential for dolmuş)
Multi-City Exploration
The most efficient way to explore multiple locations along the Turquoise Coast is to:
- Fly into one airport (e.g., Antalya)
- Travel westward or eastward using a combination of buses and dolmuş
- Fly out from a different airport (e.g., Dalaman or Bodrum)
This prevents backtracking and maximizes your time enjoying the coastal towns.
Special Transportation Options
- Gulet cruises: Traditional wooden sailing vessels that travel along the coast, allowing you to see multiple locations while sleeping onboard
- Blue Cruise packages: Multi-day boat tours making stops at various coastal highlights
- Jeep safaris: Organized tours taking inland routes to reach remote beaches and archaeological sites
Region-Specific Transportation Notes
Antalya Area
- Comprehensive tram system within the city connects the airport, museum, and Kaleiçi (Old Town)
- ANTRAY urban rail system links eastern and western suburbs
- Regular dolmuş service to nearby attractions like Aspendos, Perge, and Side
Fethiye Region
- Central bus station (otogar) has frequent connections to Ölüdeniz, Kayaköy, and Göcek
- Water taxis from the harbor to nearby beaches and islands
- Dolmuş to Butterfly Valley departs from the main bus station
Kaş and Kalkan
- Remote location means fewer transportation options
- Regular dolmuş service between the two towns (approximately every hour)
- Limited direct bus service to larger cities (may require transfers)
Bodrum Peninsula
- Extensive network of dolmuş routes connecting all major beaches and villages
- Summer ferry service to nearby Greek islands (Kos, Rhodes)
- Bodrum’s central bus station offers connections to all major Turkish cities
Antalya
Antalya, situated on Turkey’s southwestern Mediterranean coast, serves as the gateway to the Turkish Riviera. As the largest city on the western Mediterranean coastline, Antalya combines historical charm with modern infrastructure.
For more details visit: https://www.antalyaulasim.com.tr/Home/Index/
http://antalya-airport.net/antalya-airport-bus-antalya-international-airport-bus/
Getting to Antalya
By Air
Antalya International Airport (AYT) is one of Turkey’s busiest airports, especially during the tourism season (April-October).
International Flights: During peak season, Antalya receives direct flights from numerous European cities including London, Berlin, Moscow, Amsterdam, and many others. In the off-season, some direct routes are reduced, and you might need to connect through Istanbul.
Domestic Flights: Turkish Airlines, Pegasus, and SunExpress operate regular flights from Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and other major Turkish cities. Flight time from Istanbul is approximately 1 hour 15 minutes.
Airport Transfer Options:
- Public Bus (HAVAŞ): Connects the airport to the city center, operating after most flight arrivals. The journey takes about 30-40 minutes and costs around 25-30 TL.
- City Bus (Line 600): Runs between the airport and the city center approximately every 30 minutes during the day. The fare is about 15-20 TL.
- Taxis: Available 24/7 outside the terminal. The ride to the city center takes around 30 minutes and costs approximately 250-350 TL depending on your exact destination.
- Pre-arranged Hotel Shuttles: Many hotels offer pick-up services (sometimes complimentary for guests).
- Car Rental: Several companies operate at the airport terminal.
By Bus
Antalya is well-connected to other Turkish cities via a comprehensive intercity bus network.
Main Bus Companies:
- Metro Turizm
- Pamukkale Turizm
- Kamil Koç
Sample Journey Times:
- From Istanbul: 10-12 hours
- From Ankara: 7-8 hours
- From Izmir: 6-7 hours
- From Cappadocia (Göreme): 7-8 hours
Buses in Turkey are generally comfortable with onboard amenities like Wi-Fi, personal entertainment screens, and snack services. Tickets can be purchased online through the companies’ websites or through aggregate platforms like Obilet
By Car
Driving to Antalya is convenient via Turkey’s well-maintained highway system:
- D400 coastal highway connects eastern and western coastal cities
- D650 connects to central Anatolia and Konya
- D695 provides access from the north
The journey from Istanbul takes approximately 8-9 hours, covering about 700 km.
Getting Around Antalya
Antalya Tram System.
Antalya has two tram lines that connect major areas of the city:
Nostalgic Tram (Heritage Tramway):
- Runs along the coastal route from the Müze (Museum) to Zerdalilik
- Perfect for tourists as it passes through scenic areas and historical sites
- Operates from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM with departures every 30 minutes
- Ticket price: approximately 7-10 TL
AntRay (Modern Light Rail):
- Two main lines: Airport-Fatih and Varsak-Otogar (bus station)
- Connects the airport with central districts
- Operates from 6:00 AM to midnight with services every 15 minutes during peak hours
- Ticket price: approximately 8-12 TL
City Buses
Antalya has an extensive bus network operated by ANTRAY:
- Covers all major neighborhoods, beaches, and attractions
- Bus numbers are three digits, typically starting with 5, 6, or 7
- Digital displays on the front show destinations
- Most buses operate from 6:00 AM to midnight
- Fares range from 8-15 TL depending on distance
Popular Bus Routes:
- Line 600: Airport to City Center
- Line KL08: Kaleiçi (Old Town) circular route
- Line LC07: Lara Beach to City Center
- Line KC06: Konyaaltı Beach to City Center
AntalyaKart
This rechargeable transportation card is essential for using public transportation efficiently:
- Available at major tram stations, some bus terminals, and authorized vendors
- Initial card cost: approximately 20 TL (reusable)
- Can be loaded with any amount from 50 TL upward
- Provides discounted fares compared to single tickets
- Valid on all public transportation (buses and trams)
- Transferring between vehicles within 90 minutes incurs minimal additional charges
Dolmuş (Minibuses)
These shared minibuses supplement the main bus system:
- Connect neighborhoods and areas not served by regular buses
- Usually have blue or green color schemes with routes displayed on the front
- Operate on a semi-fixed schedule, departing when full
- Flag them down anywhere along their route
- Payment is made directly to the driver in cash (keep small denominations handy)
- Cost varies by distance but typically ranges from 10-25 TL
Popular dolmuş routes include:
- Konyaaltı Beach – Old Harbor
- Lara Beach – City Center
- Kepez – Muratpaşa
Taxis
Taxis are plentiful throughout Antalya:
- Yellow color with “taksi” signs on top
- All are metered (insist on using the meter)
- Starting fare: approximately 25-30 TL
- Per kilometer charge: 12-15 TL
- Many drivers understand basic English, especially in tourist areas
- Most taxis accept cash only, though some in tourist areas may take credit cards
- Ride-hailing apps like BiTaksi work in Antalya
Car Rental
Renting a car provides maximum flexibility for exploring Antalya and its surroundings:
- International agencies (Avis, Hertz, Budget) have offices at the airport and in the city center
- Local rental agencies often offer competitive rates
- Daily rates start from about 500-800 TL for a compact car (higher in peak season)
- Fuel prices are relatively high in Turkey
- Parking can be challenging in the Old Town (Kaleiçi) area
- Most hotels offer parking (sometimes at an additional fee)
- Public parking garages are available in the city center
Driving Considerations:
- Traffic drives on the right
- City traffic can be congested during rush hours (8-9 AM and 5-7 PM)
- Road signs are in Turkish but follow international conventions
- An International Driving Permit is recommended alongside your national license
Digital Transportation Resources
Essential Mobile Apps
- ABB Ulaşım (Official Antalya Municipality Transportation App):
- Moovit:
- BiTaksi: Turkey’s leading taxi hailing app
- Martı/BinBin: Electric scooter rental app
- Yandex Maps: More detailed for Turkey than Google Maps
- Obilet: For booking intercity bus tickets
Useful Websites
- Antalya Metropolitan Municipality Transport (antalya.bel.tr/ulasim): Official schedules for all public transportation
- Turkish State Railways (TCDD) (tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr):
- Biletall (biletall.com): Comprehensive platform for intercity bus tickets
- Antalya Airport Official Website (aytport.com):
Navigating Specific Areas
Old Town (Kaleiçi)
This historic district has narrow, winding streets:
- Largely pedestrianized
- Limited vehicle access
- Best explored on foot
- Nostalgic tram stops at the entrance (Hadrian’s Gate)
- Taxis can drop you at designated points around the perimeter
- Public parking available near Hadrian’s Gate and the Marina
Konyaaltı Beach Area
This popular beach district west of the city center:
- Connected by tram from the city center
- Bus lines KC06 and VF01 run along the beach road
- Extensive bicycle paths
- Beach clubs often provide shuttle services from major hotels
- Ample parking spaces (some free, some paid)
Lara Beach Area
Located east of the city center:
- Connected by bus lines LC07 and LF09
- Most resort hotels run their own shuttle services to the city center
- Taxis readily available
- Limited public transportation after midnight
- Dolmuş services run between Lara and the city center until about 11 PM
Special Transportation Options
Tourist Boats
From the Old Harbor (Yat Limanı):
- Daily tours to nearby coves and beaches
- Scheduled departures to Phaselis and Olympos
- Glass-bottom boats for underwater viewing
- Evening dinner cruises
- Fares range from 300-1000 TL depending on the tour type
Sightseeing Buses
Hop-on-hop-off tourist buses operate in peak season:
- Cover major attractions
- Audio guides in multiple languages
- Day passes cost approximately 500-700 TL
- Usually run from 9 AM to 7 PM
Cable Car (Tünektepe Teleferik)
Located west of the city:
- Connects the coastal area to Tünektepe Hill
- Panoramic views of Antalya and the Mediterranean
- One-way tickets approximately 150-200 TL
- Operating hours: 10 AM to 10 PM (extended in summer)
- Bus line VF02 connects to the lower station
Day Trips from Antalya
Public Transportation Options to Nearby Attractions
- Aspendos Ancient Theater:
- Bus 502 from Antalya Bus Terminal (1 hour, approximately 30-40 TL)
- Organized tours with transportation (300-500 TL)
- Side:
- Intercity buses depart hourly from Antalya Bus Terminal (1.5 hours, 50-70 TL)
- Dolmuş connections available with one transfer at Manavgat
- Termessos National Park:
- No direct public transportation
- Taxi (approximately 400-500 TL round trip)
- Rental car recommended
- Perge Ancient City:
- Bus 400 or KL72 from Antalya Bus Terminal (40 minutes, 20-25 TL)
- Short walk required from the main road
- Düden Waterfalls:
- Upper falls: Bus KL76 from city center
- Lower falls: Bus CV44 to Lara area, then 15-minute walk
Safranbolu
Safranbolu, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Turkey’s Black Sea region, offers a remarkable glimpse into Ottoman architecture and history. This picturesque town, known for its well-preserved traditional houses and cobblestone streets, requires some specific transportation knowledge to reach and navigate effectively. Let me walk you through everything you need to know about getting to and around this historical gem.
Getting to Safranbolu
Safranbolu is located in the Karabük Province, approximately 200 km north of Ankara and about 400 km east of Istanbul. Unlike major tourist destinations in Turkey, reaching Safranbolu requires a bit more planning as it doesn’t have its own airport or direct international connections.
By Air
The nearest airports to Safranbolu are:
- Ankara Esenboğa Airport (ESB): About 220 km away (3-3.5 hour drive)
- Major international and domestic flights arrive here
- From the airport, you can take a bus to Ankara’s AŞTİ bus terminal and then catch an intercity bus to Safranbolu
- Istanbul Airport (IST) or Sabiha Gökçen Airport (SAW): Both approximately 400-450 km away (5-6 hour drive)
- Connect to Safranbolu via bus or rental car
- Many travelers combine their Safranbolu visit with Istanbul
- Zonguldak Çaycuma Airport (ONQ): The closest airport at about 95 km away (1 hour drive)
- Limited domestic connections, primarily from Istanbul
- Small regional airport with fewer transportation options
- You’ll need to arrange a taxi or private transfer to Safranbolu (approximately 300-400 TL)
By Bus
The most common way to reach Safranbolu is by intercity bus:
From Istanbul:
- Direct buses operate from both the European side (Esenler Otogarı) and Asian side (Harem) bus terminals
- Journey time: 5-6 hours depending on traffic
- Ticket price: 350-500 TL (varies by company and season)
- Major operators: Metro Turizm, Kamil Koç, Safran Turizm
- Most buses have onboard amenities like Wi-Fi, personal screens, and snack service
- Frequency: Multiple departures daily, more frequent in morning and evening hours
From Ankara:
- Buses depart from AŞTİ (Ankara Şehirlerarası Terminal İşletmesi)
- Journey time: 3-3.5 hours
- Ticket price: 250-350 TL
- Frequency: Several departures throughout the day
- Same major companies operate this route
From Karabük:
- Karabük is the provincial capital, just 8 km from Safranbolu
- Minibuses run every 15-20 minutes between Karabük and Safranbolu
- Journey time: 15-20 minutes
- Ticket price: approximately 15-20 TL
- The minibus station is located next to the main bus terminal in Karabük
By Train
Turkey’s rail network has improved significantly in recent years, but train options to Safranbolu remain limited:
- The nearest train station is in Karabük
- Trains connect Karabük with Ankara and Zonguldak
- From Ankara, the train journey takes approximately 4-5 hours
- From Karabük station, take a minibus or taxi to Safranbolu (15-20 minutes)
- Train tickets can be purchased through TCDD (Turkish State Railways) website or at stations
- Trains are less frequent than buses but offer a more scenic journey
By Car
Driving to Safranbolu gives you flexibility and allows you to explore the surrounding region:
From Istanbul:
- Take the O-4 highway eastward, then connect to D100 or D010
- Journey time: 5-6 hours (approximately 400 km)
- Toll roads apply for parts of the journey
From Ankara:
- Take E90/D750 northward
- Journey time: 3-3.5 hours (approximately 220 km)
- Generally good road conditions
Getting Around Safranbolu
Safranbolu consists of several distinct areas: the Old Town (Çarşı), Kıranköy (the Greek quarter), and the New Town (Bağlar). Understanding how to navigate between and within these areas is key to enjoying your visit.
Walking
The historical center of Safranbolu (Çarşı) is compact and pedestrian-friendly:
- Most attractions in the Old Town are within 15-20 minutes walking distance of each other
- The area is characterized by narrow cobblestone streets and steep inclines
- Comfortable walking shoes are essential
- The historical area is best explored on foot to fully appreciate the Ottoman architecture
- Walking paths are generally well-maintained but can be slippery after rain
Public Buses (Belediye Otobüsü)
Safranbolu has a limited but functional public bus system:
- Buses connect the New Town (Bağlar) with the Old Town (Çarşı)
- Frequency: Approximately every 30-40 minutes during daytime
- Operating hours: 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM (reduced service on Sundays)
- Fare: 8-12 TL per journey (pay the driver directly with cash)
- Bus stops are marked with blue signs showing routes and times
- Most buses have “Çarşı” (Old Town) or “Bağlar” (New Town) displayed on their electronic boards
- The main bus stops are at Misak-ı Milli Park in the New Town and near Cinci Han in the Old Town
Minibuses (Dolmuş)
These shared minivans supplement the public bus system:
- Operate on fixed routes but with more flexible schedules than public buses
- Easily identified by their light blue color
- Depart when full rather than on a strict timetable
- Main routes connect:
- Safranbolu New Town – Old Town (fare: approximately 8-10 TL)
- Safranbolu – Karabük (fare: approximately 15-20 TL)
- Safranbolu – Yörük Village (seasonal service, fare: approximately 20-25 TL)
- Minibus stations are located near the main bus terminal and in the city center
- You can flag down minibuses anywhere along their route
- Payment is made in cash directly to the driver
Taxis
Taxis are readily available in Safranbolu:
- Yellow in color with “taksi” signs on top
- Main taxi stands are located near:
- Republic Square in the New Town
- Cinci Han in the Old Town
- The bus terminal
- Most taxis operate on meters, starting at approximately 20-25 TL
- Many taxi drivers have limited English, so having your destination written in Turkish is helpful
- It’s advisable to agree on an approximate price before departure for longer journeys
- Most taxis accept cash only (keep Turkish Lira handy)
Private Tours and Transfers
For convenience, especially when visiting outlying attractions:
- Many hotels can arrange private tours with transportation
- Daily rates for a private car with driver: 1000-1500 TL
- Group tours with pickup from your accommodation: 400-600 TL per person
- These typically include visits to Yörük Village, Bulak Cave, and the Glass Terrace
Digital Transportation Resources
Mobile Apps
While Safranbolu lacks dedicated transportation apps, several general Turkish travel apps are useful:
- Moovit: Coverage includes some Safranbolu bus routes
- ESOGU Mobil: Covers intercity bus schedules to and from Safranbolu
- Obilet: Essential for booking intercity bus tickets to reach Safranbolu
- Yandex Maps or Google Maps: More reliable than Google Maps for smaller Turkish towns
Useful Websites
- Turkish State Railways (TCDD): tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr
- For booking train tickets to Karabük
- Available in English but with limited functionality
- Obilet: obilet.com
- Comprehensive platform for intercity bus ticket booking
- English interface available
- Safranbolu Municipality: safranbolu.bel.tr
- Limited information about local transportation
- Primarily in Turkish
Day Trips from Safranbolu
Yörük Village (Yörük Köyü)
Located 11 km from Safranbolu:
- Seasonal minibuses run from Safranbolu (more frequent in summer)
- Taxi fare: approximately 120-150 TL one-way
- Many visitors join organized tours that include transportation
- Journey time: approximately 20-25 minutes
Bulak Cave (Bulak Mağarası)
Located 10 km from Safranbolu:
- No regular public transportation available
- Taxi fare: approximately 130-160 TL one-way
- Best visited as part of an organized tour
- Journey time: approximately 20 minutes
Karabük
The provincial capital, 8 km from Safranbolu:
- Regular minibuses every 15-20 minutes
- Journey time: 15-20 minutes
- Fare: approximately 15-20 TL
- Main departure points: minibus station near the bus terminal and city center
Amasra
A beautiful Black Sea coastal town:
- No direct public transportation from Safranbolu
- Travel via Bartın (take minibus to Karabük, then intercity bus to Bartın, then local bus to Amasra)
- Total journey time: approximately 2.5-3 hours
- Taxi hire for day trip: approximately 1200-1500 TL (round trip)
- Private tours available through hotels: 600-800 TL per person
Ankara
Ankara, as Turkey’s capital and second-largest city, offers a well-developed transportation network that connects its various districts while linking the city to the rest of the country. This detailed guide covers everything you need to know about reaching and navigating Ankara efficiently.
Getting to Ankara
By Air
Ankara is served by Ankara Esenboğa International Airport (ESB), located approximately 28 kilometers northeast of the city center.
Airport Transfer Options:
- HAVAŞ Airport Shuttle:
- Departs every 30 minutes during peak hours
- Journey time: 45-60 minutes depending on traffic
- Cost: approximately 35-45 TL
- Destination: AŞTİ (main intercity bus terminal) with stops at Ankara Metro stations
- Belko Air (Municipality Bus – Line 442):
- Departs every 30 minutes from 6:00 AM to midnight
- Journey time: 50-70 minutes
- Cost: approximately 25-30 TL
- Connects to Kızılay (city center)
- Metro + Bus Connection:
- Take the Airport bus (Line 442) to Kızılay or the HAVAŞ shuttle to AŞTİ, then connect to the metro system
- Most cost-effective option for reaching specific neighborhoods
- Taxis:
- Available 24/7 outside the terminal
- Journey time: 35-50 minutes depending on traffic
- Cost: approximately 400-500 TL to city center
- Most taxis accept credit cards, but having cash is recommended
By Train
Ankara serves as a major railway hub for Turkey’s developing high-speed train network:
- High-Speed Rail (YHT):
- Connections from Istanbul (Söğütlüçeşme and Halkalı stations): 4.5-5 hours
- Connections from Konya: 1.5-2 hours
- Connections from Eskişehir: 1.5 hours
- Modern, comfortable trains with onboard amenities
- Advance booking recommended: tickets available through TCDD website
- Conventional Trains:
- Connections to eastern cities (Kars, Van, Tatvan) via the Eastern Express and other regional trains
- Overnight services available with sleeping cars and couchettes
- Journey times significantly longer than bus travel
- More scenic routes, especially the Eastern Express (highly popular among tourists)
All trains arrive at Ankara Gar (main train station) located in Ulus, connected to the metro system (Ankaray and Metro lines).
By Bus
Intercity bus travel is comprehensive, affordable, and comfortable in Turkey:
- Buses arrive at AŞTİ (Ankara Şehirlerarası Terminal İşletmesi), one of Turkey’s largest bus terminals
- Connected to the metro system (Ankaray line)
- Major bus companies: Metro Turizm, Kamil Koç, Pamukkale, Nilüfer, and Varan
- Services to virtually all Turkish cities and many towns
- Modern buses with amenities like Wi-Fi, personal entertainment screens, USB charging ports, and refreshment service
Sample Journey Times:
- From Istanbul: 6-7 hours
- From Izmir: 8-9 hours
- From Antalya: 7-8 hours
- From Cappadocia (Göreme/Nevşehir): 4-5 hours
Tickets can be purchased online through bus company websites or aggregator platforms like Obilet.com.
By Car
Reaching Ankara by car is straightforward via Turkey’s well-maintained highway system:
- From Istanbul: O-4 highway, approximately 450 km (5-6 hours)
- From Izmir: Via Afyon, approximately 600 km (7-8 hours)
- From Antalya: Via Konya, approximately 500 km (6-7 hours)
Ankara is encircled by a ring road (O-20) with numerous exits leading to different districts.
Getting Around Ankara
Public Transportation Overview
Ankara’s public transportation system is operated by EGO (Electricity, Gas, Bus) General Directorate under the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. The system uses a contactless smart card called AnkaraKart.
AnkaraKart
This electronic ticketing system is essential for using public transportation efficiently:
- Available at metro stations, major bus terminals, and authorized vendors (look for “AnkaraKart” signs)
- Initial card cost: approximately 20-25 TL (reusable)
- Can be loaded with any amount from 50 TL upward
- Single journey fare: approximately 12-15 TL
- Discounted transfers within 75 minutes
- Special rates for students, teachers, and seniors (requires registration)
- Can be shared among multiple travelers
Metro System
Ankara’s metro system consists of five main lines covering key areas of the city:
- M1
- M2
- M3
- M4
- A1
Metro Operating Hours:
- Monday to Friday: 6:00 AM to 12:00 AM (midnight)
- Weekends and holidays: 6:30 AM to 11:30 PM
- Extended hours during special events and holidays
Bus Network
Ankara has an extensive bus network covering areas not served by the metro system:
- More than 300 routes operated by EGO
- Buses are identified by numbers and designated routes
- Electronic displays at major stops show estimated arrival times
- All buses accept AnkaraKart (cash not accepted)
- Real-time tracking available through the EGO Cepte app
Bus Categories:
- Regular City Buses: Numbers 1-999
- Standard routes connecting all districts
- Operating hours: Generally 6:00 AM to 11:00 PM
- Express Buses: Prefixed with “EXP”
- Limited stops between major hubs
- Faster service during peak hours
- Night Buses: Prefixed with “G”
- Limited night service on main routes after metro closes
- Operating hours: 12:00 AM to 5:00 AM
- Less frequent (every 30-60 minutes)
Dolmuş (Minibuses)
These shared minibuses supplement the main transportation network:
- Identifiable by their blue or turquoise color
- Fixed routes but flexible stopping points
- Faster than regular buses as they make fewer formal stops
- Payment in cash directly to the driver (AnkaraKart not accepted)
- Operate from early morning until around 11:00 PM
- Routes are displayed on the front windshield
- Popular for areas with less frequent bus service
- More frequent departures (typically every 5-10 minutes during peak hours)
Major dolmuş hubs include Kızılay, Ulus, AŞTİ, and Tunalı Hilmi.
Taxis
Taxis are abundant throughout Ankara:
- Yellow color with “taksi” signs on top
- All are metered (insist on using the meter)
- Starting fare: approximately 25-30 TL
- Per kilometer charge: 10-15 TL
- Surcharge applies between 12:00 AM and 6:00 AM (approximately 50% more)
- Most drivers understand basic English, especially in central districts
- Major taxi stands are located at:
- Kızılay Square
- Ankara Gar (train station)
- AŞTİ (bus terminal)
- Esenboğa Airport
- Shopping malls
Taxi Apps:
- BiTaksi: Turkey’s leading taxi hailing app
- iTaksi: Municipality-supported application
- Both provide fare estimates and driver information
Cable Car (Teleferik)
The Şentepe-Yenimahalle cable car provides both transportation and scenic views:
- Connects Yenimahalle metro station to the Şentepe district
- 4 stations along a 3.2 km route
- Journey time: approximately 13 minutes
- Operates 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM
- AnkaraKart accepted
- Panoramic views of the city
- Reduces a steep uphill journey to an easy ride
Digital Transportation Resources
Essential Mobile Apps
- EGO Cepte: Official app of Ankara’s public transportation authority
- Moovit: Comprehensive coverage of Ankara’s public transportation
- BiTaksi/iTaksi: Taxi hailing applications
- TCDD (Turkish State Railways): Official app for train ticket booking
- Antbis: Bike sharing system app
- Obilet: For booking intercity bus and train tickets
- BELKO Air: Official app for airport shuttle services
Useful Websites
- Ankara Metropolitan Municipality (ankara.bel.tr): Official transportation updates
- EGO General Directorate (ego.gov.tr): Detailed route maps for all buses
- Ankara Esenboğa Airport Official Website (esenbogaairport.com):
Navigating Specific Areas
Kızılay (City Center)
The heart of Ankara and its main transportation hub:
- Intersection of all major metro lines
- Dozens of bus routes start/end here
- Heavy pedestrian zone with some vehicle restrictions
- Major dolmuş departure point
- Well-connected to all districts
- Abundance of taxis at designated stands
- Consider using metro to avoid surface traffic congestion
Ulus (Historical Center)
The old city center with many historical sites:
- Served by Ankaray at Ulus station
- Multiple bus connections from Kızılay and other districts
- Walking distance from Ankara Gar (train station)
- Narrow streets make private vehicles less practical
- Historical sites are clustered within walking distance
- Dolmuş services connect to areas not covered by buses
Çankaya (Diplomatic District)
Home to embassies, upscale neighborhoods, and government buildings:
- Connected via buses from Kızılay
- Limited direct metro access (use buses from Kızılay metro)
- Served by multiple taxi stands
- Hilly terrain makes walking more challenging
- Presidential complex area has restricted transportation access
- Major embassies have nearby bus stops
University Areas
Ankara hosts numerous universities with specific transportation options:
- Middle East Technical University (METU/ODTÜ):
- Dedicated bus lines from Kızılay (535, 536)
- Internal campus shuttle service
- Bicycle-friendly campus with rental options
- Limited dolmuş service to main gate
- Bilkent University:
- Metro to Bilkent station, then university shuttle
- Dedicated bus lines from city center
- Private university shuttles from various districts
- Ankara University:
- Multiple campuses across the city
- Different transportation options for each campus
- Cebeci Campus: Close to Ankaray Kurtuluş station
- Tandoğan Campus: Near Beşevler metro station
Shopping Districts
Major shopping areas have excellent transportation connections:
- Tunalı Hilmi Street:
- Multiple bus routes from Kızılay
- Dolmuş services from various districts
- Walking distance from several residential neighborhoods
- Limited parking makes public transportation preferable
- Ankamall/Antares Shopping Centers:
- Direct access from Akköprü metro station (M1 line)
- Multiple bus routes (125, 127, 220)
- Dedicated shopping center shuttles from some districts
- Cepa/Kentpark Malls:
- Near Söğütözü metro station (M2 line)
- Bus connections from Kızılay and western districts
- Extensive parking facilities for private vehicles
Day Trips from Ankara
- Beypazarı:
- Historical town known for silver craftsmanship and traditional houses
- Distance: 100 km west of Ankara
- Transportation: Regular buses from AŞTİ (journey time: 1.5-2 hours)
- Ticket price: approximately 80-100 TL each way
- Gordion:
- Ancient Phrygian capital and tomb of King Midas
- Distance: 80 km southwest of Ankara
- Transportation: Buses to Polatlı, then local minibus or taxi
- Combined journey time: approximately 2 hours
- Lake Eymir:
- Popular recreational area
- Distance: 20 km south of Ankara
- Transportation: Bus 192 from Kızılay or taxi (journey time: 30-40 minutes)
- Area managed by METU with some access restrictions
- Kızılcahamam:
- Hot springs and nature park
- Distance: 80 km north of Ankara
- Transportation: Regular buses from AŞTİ (journey time: 1.5 hours)
- Ticket price: approximately 70-90 TL each way
- Cappadocia (for ambitious day-trippers):
- Unique geological formations and underground cities
- Distance: 300 km southeast of Ankara
- Transportation options:
- Early morning bus from AŞTİ (4-5 hours each way)
- Organized day tours with transportation (expensive but time-efficient)
- Better as an overnight trip
Datça and Bozburun
The Datça and Bozburun peninsulas are beautiful, somewhat remote areas in southwestern Turkey’s Muğla province. While their relative isolation contributes to their charm and unspoiled nature, it does mean transportation requires some planning. Let me provide you with comprehensive information about reaching and navigating these areas.
Getting to the Region
By Air
The nearest major airport is Dalaman Airport (DLM), approximately 125 km from Datça town. Alternatively, Bodrum-Milas Airport (BJV) is about 155 km away. From either airport, you’ll need to arrange onward transportation.
By Sea
During summer months, ferry services operate between:
- Bodrum and Datça (approximately 2 hours)
- Rhodes (Greece) and Datça (1 hour) – requires passport/visa
- Marmaris and Datça (seasonal service)
The ferry company Bodrum Ferry (www.bodrumferry.com) operates many of these routes. Schedules vary seasonally, with more frequent service in summer.
By Road
From major cities:
- Istanbul to Datça: Approximately 9-10 hours driving (800 km)
- Izmir to Datça: About 4-5 hours driving (320 km)
- Antalya to Datça: Around 5-6 hours driving (380 km)
Public Transportation Options
Intercity Buses to Datça
Several bus companies serve Datça from major cities:
- Pamukkale Turizm
- Metro Turizm
- Kamil Koç
These companies operate routes from Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and other major cities to Marmaris, where you’ll transfer to smaller buses for Datça. The total journey time from Istanbul is approximately 14-16 hours.
Local Transportation in Datça and Bozburun
Minibuses (Dolmuş)
The primary public transportation option in the region is the dolmuş (shared minibus):
- Datça Town – Villages Route:
- Minibuses run between Datça town center and villages along the peninsula
- Frequency: Approximately hourly in summer, less frequent in winter
- Cost: Varies by distance, typically 10-30 TL per trip
- Key routes include:
- Datça – Eski Datça (Old Datça)
- Datça – Knidos (ancient ruins)
- Datça – Various beaches (Kumluk, Karaincir, etc.)
- Marmaris – Datça Route:
- Minibuses connect Marmaris to Datça several times daily
- Journey time: 1.5-2 hours
- Cost: Approximately 70-120 TL (check current rates)
- These depart from the main bus station (otogar) in both towns
- Datça – Bozburun Connection:
- Limited direct service between the peninsulas
- More commonly, you’ll need to go via Marmaris:
- Datça to Marmaris dolmuş
- Marmaris to Bozburun dolmuş
- Bozburun Area:
- Minibuses connect Marmaris to Bozburun town
- Service is less frequent than to Datça
- Limited service to smaller villages on the peninsula
Taxis
Taxis are available in both Datça and Bozburun town centers:
- Easily found in town squares and near harbors
- Good for reaching remote beaches or accommodations
- More expensive than minibuses but offer door-to-door service
- For longer journeys (like Datça to Knidos), expect to pay 250-400 TL
